Haute Valeur Environnementale
- La préservation de la biodiversité (29 points): il s’agit de développer des espaces sans pesticides ni fertilisation telles que des surfaces boisées ou fleuries, terres en jachère, mares, roches, présence de ruches, etc. Les points sont attribués selon la taille de ces « infrastructures agroécologiques » (IAE), leur diversité, le nombre d’espèces végétales cultivées ;
- la stratégie phytosanitaire (66 points) concerne l’usage des herbicides et autres méthodes alternatives à la lutte chimique ;
- la gestion de la fertilisation (72.5 points) porte entre autres sur la présence d’azote dans les cultures (vital pour la photosynthèse et la croissance des plantes) et les mesures prises pour en limiter les fuites ;
- la gestion de l’irrigation (30 points): recyclage, récupération des eaux de pluie, économisation des ressources (par exemple : paillage, couverture du sol…).
Agriculture Biologique et Eurofeuille
Plus connu, plus contraignant dans un cahier des charges unifié sur tout le territoire européen, le sigle de l’Eurofeuille sur fond vert (la mention française AB datant de 1985 qui l’accompagne parfois est devenue obsolète bien qu’elle continue d’être apposée) garantit depuis 1991 la traçabilité d’un produit, l’absence de traitement chimique dans toute l’exploitation (y compris pour l’alimentation des animaux), l’absence d’OGM ainsi que le respect du bien-être animal. Les produits transformés doivent comporter un minimum de 95% d’ingrédients issus de l’agriculture biologique et excluent le recours aux arômes chimiques de synthèse, colorants ou exhausteurs de goût. La conversion d’une exploitation nécessite trois ans afin d’assurer l’absence de résidus de pesticides dans les sols. Trois organismes indépendants sont chargés de veiller au respect de ces exigences à raison d’un contrôle annuel : Ecocert, Certipaq ou Qualité-France. Par ailleurs, la DGCCRF (répression des fraudes) contrôle en permanence la qualité des produits commercialisés. Cette norme publique est fiable et accessible à tous, dans les magasins de grande distribution comme dans les magasins spécialisés bio.
Bio Cohérence
Des producteurs, distributeurs et consommateurs souhaitant pousser les exigences qualitatives au-delà des normes européennes se sont associés pour créer en 2010 leur propre label nouvelle génération. En effet, pour ce sigle, à la notion d’agriculture biologique s’ajoute la dimension locale des produits, qui doivent être 100% français, ainsi que la dimension sociale, qui prend en compte la rémunération de chaque acteur de la filière. La charte est issue d’un travail collectif et participatif « proche de la réalité des fermes et des attentes citoyennes » et réserve ses produits aux magasins spécialisés bio et à la vente directe, afin d’éviter « l’industrialisation » de la filière bio. « L’environnement ne devant pas être pollué, les producteurs doivent élaborer une carte en mentionnant axes routiers, incinérateurs et décharges à proximité. L’association interdit l’élevage hors-sol, propose un accès à des espaces en plein air, une alimentation bio, des temps de transport minimaux, un nombre d’animaux par unité de surface limité ». Le paysan revient au cœur de la réflexion de ce projet.
Demeter
Depuis 1920, la marque allemande Demeter balise le début des certifications pour une agriculture écologique. La Fédération Biodynamique Demeter International jouit du rayonnement mondial croissant de la biodynamie à travers 65 pays. Sa charte préconise entre autres le respect des saisons, des « flux énergétiques » et des cycles lunaires, une approche holistique de la terre « nourricière » et de la ferme avec une production centrée sur la valeur nutritive des aliments. Les sols, plantes, animaux et humains sont parties intégrante d’un eco-système dont il faut prendre soin, et font écho à la divinité éponyme, déesse de la terre, des moissons et de la fertilité, en d’autres termes, la « Mère Nature ».
Demeter se distingue des produits bio sur plusieurs points : pas de mixité bio/conventionnel dans un même domaine agricole, nécessité d’avoir ses propres ruminants ou équidés pour les fermes de plus de 40 hectares (pour l’utilisation de fumier, compost ou engrais verts). Les adeptes de la biodynamie pratiquent la rotation des cultures.
Et nous ?
D’autres labels existent. On peut citer l’historique « Nature et Progrès », ou encore le tout récent « Bio-équitable en France » (depuis 2020) qui intègre la notion de commerce équitable dans sa charte, mais cette première vue d’ensemble nous permet déjà de comprendre les motivations économique, écologique et éthique que suppose leur usage. Nous nous alignons aux études réalisés à ce sujet en soutenant les labels dont l’impact est réel. Traiter sur un pied d’égalité les agriculteurs en HVE et ceux labellisés AB est par exemple l’un des motifs de colère des agriculteurs. Tous les produits que Solibio propose sont issus de l’agriculture biologique et locale. En outre, certains des magasins spécialisés que nous livrons sont labellisés « Bio Cohérence », et nous avons parmi les membres de la coopérative un producteur labellisé « Demeter ». Nous souhaitons rendre le bio accessible au plus grand nombre, sans rogner sur les marges de nos producteurs ni lésiner sur la qualité de nos produits, afin que vous puissiez choisir nos produits… les yeux fermés.M.D.
#label #sigle #hve #bio #demeter #biocoherence #agriculture #consommacteur
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